Adequate vitamin D sustains bones, health

During the past few years, interest in vitamin D has grown rapidly. In fact, more than 1,500 scientific articles were published about vitamin D so far this year. Two key practical concepts have emerged from this research: 1) Many of today’s common health problems might be related to inadequate vitamin D; or 2) possibly half of the population has inadequate vitamin D status.

Question: What types of health problems are linked to vitamin D?

Answer: In addition to vitamin D’s important role in maintaining a strong skeleton, it has many other functions. Vitamin D also enhances the function of the immune system and reduces inflammatory activity.

According to the Vitamin D Council, “Current research has implicated vitamin D deficiency as a major factor in the pathology of at least 17 varieties of cancer, as well as heart disease, stroke, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, depression, chronic pain, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, muscle wasting, birth defects, periodontal disease and more.”

QUESTION: How can vitamin D be involved in so many health problems?

ANSWER:Vitamin D works like a hormone, regulating some of the basic functions of many types of cells throughout the body. If one or more of these functions is compromised, a variety of diseases could occur.

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Mobile phone emissions can weaken your bones – Report

Health researchers have warned that wearing a cell phone on one’s belt could lead to decreased bone density in the area of the pelvis that is commonly used for bone grafts.
   
This is contained in a new research report on the health effects of electro-magnetic emissions from cell phone carried out by Dr. Tolga Atay and colleagues of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
   
The report was published on www.consumeraffairs.com and in The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery on October 26.
   
For years health researchers have suggested extensive cell phone use can increase the risk of brain tumours over time, particularly in children.
   
Even though findings have not been conclusive, the World Health Organisation and individual scientists have called for precaution in the use of cell phones.
 
The bone weakening effect of cell phone use is a new discovery and the researchers admitted that the findings were preliminary.
   
But they have still warned that “it would be better to keep mobile phones as far as possible from our body during our daily lives.”
   
“With long-term exposure, electro-magnetic fields from cell phones could weaken the bone, potentially affecting the outcomes of surgical procedures using bone grafts,” the report said.
   
This is consistent with recent similar reports, which said that the effect of electro-magnetic emissions from cell phones could take 50 years to manifest.
   
The report said the researchers measured bone density at the upper rims of the pelvis in 150 men who were cell phone users and carried their phones on their belts.
   
Out of the 150 men, 122 carried their phones on the right side and 28 on the left side and they had all used cell phones for an average of six years.
   
The measurements were performed using a technique called dual x-ray absorptiometry- the same test used to measure bone density in patients with osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
   
The report said bone density was compared on the side where the men wore their phones (the right side in 122 men and the left side in 28) versus the opposite side and the results showed a slight reduction in iliac wing bone density on the side where the men carried their phones.
   
The iliac wings are a widely used source of bone for bone grafting, so any reduction in bone density may be of special importance to reconstructive surgery.
   
It explained that the difference was not statistically significant, and did not approach the reductions seen in osteoporosis, adding that however, the men were relatively young-average 32 years-and that further bone weakening may occur with longer follow-up.
The report said the results raise the possibility that bone density could be adversely affected by electro-magnetic fields emitted by cell phones.
   
It said previous studies using low frequencies of 15 to 52 MHz, evaluated the use of electro-magnetic fields as a treatment to increase bone density in osteoporosis, but the men in the new study carried cell phones with frequencies of 900 to 1,800 MHz.
   
The researchers expressed the hope that coming generations of mobile technology may lead to the development of new cell phones with lower exposure to electro-magnetic fields and thereby reduce the health risk.

Source: GNA

Via: http://ghanabusinessnews.com/2009/10/30/mobile-phone-emissions-can-weaken-your-bones-report/

What is osteoporosis?

Via:  http://fitgreengoddess.blogspot.com/2009/10/osteoporosis-in-3-d.html

Osteoporosis is a disease, more common in women, that causes bones to become fragile and more susceptible to breaking. It is a real condition with serious effects on women’s health and quality of life. Some women — most commonly those who don’t have good access to health care — experience fractures that could have been prevented if their osteoporosis had been treated. At the same time, not every woman who is warned about bone thinning needs to be worried. Companies that make drugs for osteoporosis have conducted advertising campaigns for women and health care providers that have created fear and led many women who don’t need the drugs to take them, despite serious side effects and risks.

In recent years, many new osteoporosis drugs have become available, creating a dilemma for women trying to decide which, if any, of these medications they need. Specifically, women want to know when it is appropriate to take a drug for osteoporosis, and which treatments are safest and most effective. The National Women’s Health Network believes that the focus of efforts to promote bone health should be on preventing fractures rather than preventing loss of bone mineral density in women who are otherwise at low risk of experiencing a fracture. As you’ll read below, drugs are not always the best approach.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis literally means porous bone. Throughout life, there are constant changes in the structure of bones. A natural process breaks down bones and builds them back up again at the microscopic level. Children and young adults build more bone than they break down. Pregnant women release bone to transfer needed minerals to the developing fetus and then build their own bone strength up again after giving birth. After age 35-40 all adults begin to lose bone as the breaking down process overwhelms the building process. For a few years around the time of menopause, women lose bone more quickly, possibly because they no longer need extra stores of minerals to support a developing fetus.

Osteoporosis occurs when the natural process of aging goes too far and bones become weak and fragile. Osteoporosis has several causes – age alone can be a cause of osteoporosis, especially in people who didn’t build up their bones to their fullest potential during childhood and young adulthood. Medicine can cause osteoporosis – taking high doses of steroids over a period of months can cause significant bone loss, for example. Removing women’s ovaries increases their risk of getting osteoporosis. Inactivity can cause osteoporosis, too – astronauts and people who are not able to walk briskly are more likely to develop fragile bones.

People who have osteoporosis are at greater risk for fracturing their bones, especially in the hip, vertebrae (spine) and wrist. Hip fractures lead to hospitalization, can take a long time to heal, and many women never fully recover from them. Individual vertebral fractures can be completely painless and cause no problems at all, but if multiple fractures develop in the spine it can be very painful and restrict women’s ability to move without serious discomfort.

Alternatives

Alternatives to drugs exist for making and keeping bones strong. The National Institutes of Health’s 2000 Consensus Statement on Osteoporosis reviewed the research on osteoporosis prevention and treatment and found strong scientific evidence that calcium and Vitamin D intake are crucial to develop and preserve strong bones.

Regular exercise (especially resistance and high-impact activities) contributes to the development of bone mass. Other promising interventions focus on preventing fractures: balance training reduces the risk of falling, which is often responsible for broken bones in older people. A few small studies have shown that hip protectors provided along with training on how to use them can help reduce the risk of fracture if a fall occurs. Large randomized trials didn’t find any benefit, though. Other practical ways to reduce the risk of falling include making sure that vision prescriptions are up-to-date, checking prescriptions for drug interactions that might cause dizziness, eliminating fall-causing hazards in the home (like slippery rugs), and wearing appropriate shoes.

The Bottom Line

Drug companies are clearly trying to expand the market for osteoporosis drugs; their latest efforts target “non-traditional” populations (like younger women and men) for screening. Many women under age 65 without critical risk factors are being screened for osteopenia and osteoporosis, despite the fact that early screening has not been shown to prevent most serious fractures. The NWHN encourages women under age 65 to reject bone density screening unless they have unusual circumstances that increase their risk.

In addition to thinking carefully about their own risk of experiencing a serious fracture, women need to consider safety issues when deciding whether to take osteoporosis drugs. Also, the treatment’s duration is critical in determining its effectiveness: when a woman stops taking certain osteoporosis prevention drugs, the preventive effects are quickly lost. Don’t hesitate to ask your health care provider about the safety and efficacy of any osteoporosis medication and whether non-drug alternatives might be just as effective, based on your personal history and current health status.

Boning Up on Calcium: Supplements for Bone Health

Boning Up on Calcium: Supplements for Bone Health

Advanced Bone Growth May Be Marker For Hypertension In Kids

Bones that are more mature than their chronological age may be a marker for high blood pressure in children, according to a study published in Hypertension: Journal of the American Heart Association.

Skeletal maturation, or bone age, refers to changes in the size and shape of bones that can be used to predict adult height and structural development.In non-hypertensive children, bone age was not significantly different from chronological age — within a four-month range.  But in hypertensive children, the difference between average chronological age (14.15 years) and bone age (16.01 years) was nearly two years. “Accelerated maturation is not the same as precocious puberty (the onset of signs of puberty before age 7 or 8 in girls and age 9 in boys),” said Mieczyslaw Litwin, M.D., Ph.D., co-author of the study and scientific director of Children’s Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, Poland.  “Accelerated maturation means that the tempo of biological maturity is greater than average.  We found that accelerated skeletal maturation may be the early tell-tale sign of developing hypertension.”To examine the relationship between blood pressure and skeletal maturation, researchers assessed bone age in hypertensive children and adolescents compared with healthy young people matched for body mass index, age and gender.Researchers X-rayed the left hand-wrists of 54 hypertensive white Polish children and compared them to X-ray images of 54 white Polish children with optimal blood pressure.  Both groups were compared with images published in a reference atlas of skeletal development.  The children were age 14 on average.  Based on the atlas, rates of maturity were considered physiological, accelerated and delayed.In healthy controls, researchers found skeletal maturity in 20 cases compared with 48 cases among the hypertensive group. Researchers also studied the relationship between hypertension and bone age to obesity.The results were significant, but no direct clinical application was found.  However, researchers said accelerated bone maturation is only a sign of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities.  “It is difficult to imagine that the process of biological maturity can be reversed,” said Litwin, who also is an associate professor in the Department of Nephrology & Arterial Hypertension at the institute.  “But, we think that some lifestyle modifications, such as increased physical activity and diet modification, can influence both metabolic abnormalities and the tempo of biological maturity.”Other co-authors are: Pawel Pludowski, Ph.D.; Anna Niemirska, M.D.; Joanna Sladowska, M.D.; Roman Lorenc, M.D., Ph.D.; Maciej Jaworski, Ph.D.; Edyta Kryskiewicz, M.Sc. and Elzbieta Karczmarewicz, Ph.D. The Children’s Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, Poland funded the study. ###

Hope on World Osteoporosis Day – New Drug in Development

Osteologix, Inc. Continues Development of NB S101 for Osteoporosis
RICHMOND, Va.–(Business Wire)–
Osteologix, Inc. (OTCBB:OLGX), a bio-pharmaceutical company announced today that
the company will continue the clinical development for its osteoporosis drug, NB
S101 (strontium malonate), in the United States and the rest of the world
markets. Additionally, the company wants to recognize World Osteoporosis Day`s
significance and make more people aware of its research dedicated to improving
the lives of people with osteoporosis.

“We believe that NB S101 will bring a safe and effective new alternative therapy
for the millions of patients with osteoporosis. Our product can be manufactured
and commercialized in a way that should also appeal to the cost conscious
patients, physicians and payers,” said Philip J. Young, CEO of Osteologix. “In
addition, our recently expanded global patent estate will allow our shareholders
a long window of opportunity to realize returns on their investments.”

Different from other drug therapies available in the U.S., NB S101 is a dual
acting bone agent (DABA), designed to benefit patients by strengthening the bone
in two ways. Unlike the aggressive actions of other therapies, which can
sometimes lead to brittle bones after several years of therapy, strontium is a
moderate anti resorptive drug that also works to enhance bone mineralization
giving the patients stronger, more fracture-resistant bones. Another key
advantage researchers note is that strontium therapy is an excellent choice for
the significant number of women who cannot take or tolerate bisphosphonate
treatment, (the largest class of drugs currently used to treat osteoporosis).

Currently, there is one prescription strontium therapy widely used in Europe and
other parts of the world, Protelos (strontium ranelate), which is marketed by a
French pharmaceutical company. Protelos has been prescribed for five years and
has demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety in patients of all ages. It is
unavailable in the U.S. Strontium therapy with NB S101 should be preferred over
the French product. First, NB S101 is a tablet, not a powder that needs to be
suspended in water, which Osteologix believes will aid in compliance, as it is
easier for patients to take. Second, studies conducted by the company have
demonstrated that NB S101 has better bioavailability — meaning the patients can
take a lower dose of the active element, strontium, and obtain the same blood
level. Osteologix believes that its drug will provide fracture reduction and
safety on par with or better than the French product.

Osteologix has already conducted two human studies in hundreds of subjects with
NB S101 (strontium malonate) and is in the planning stages of further clinical
development that will be conducted here, in the U.S., and around the world.

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Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Calcium

Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, is found in some foods, added to others, available as a dietary supplement, and present in some medicines (such as antacids). Calcium is required for muscle contraction, blood vessel expansion and contraction, secretion of hormones and enzymes, and transmitting impulses throughout the nervous system [1]. The body strives to maintain constant concentrations of calcium in blood, muscle, and intercellular fluids, though less than <1% of total body calcium is needed to support these functions.

The remaining 99% of the body’s calcium supply is stored in the bones and teeth where it supports their structure [2]. Bone itself undergoes continuous remodeling, with constant resorption and deposition of calcium into new bone [1]. The balance between bone resorption and deposition changes with age. Bone formation exceeds resorption in growing children, whereas in early and middle adulthood both processes are relatively equal. In aging adults, particularly among postmenopausal women, bone breakdown exceeds formation, resulting in bone loss that increases the risk of osteoporosis over time [1].

Recommended Intakes

Intake recommendations for calcium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [1]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing the nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender [1], include:
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy individuals.
Adequate Intake (AI): established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects [1].
The FNB established AIs for the amounts of calcium required to maintain adequate rates of calcium retention and bone health in healthy people. They are listed in Table 1 in milligrams (mg) per day.

Table 1: Adequate Intakes (AIs) for Calcium [1]
Age Male Female Pregnant Lactating
Birth to 6 months 210 mg 210 mg
7-12 months 270 mg 270 mg
1-3 years 500 mg 500 mg
4-8 years 800 mg 800 mg
9-13 years 1,300 mg 1,300 mg
14-18 years 1,300 mg 1,300 mg 1,300 mg 1,300 mg
19-50 years 1,000 mg 1,000 mg 1,000 mg 1,000 mg
50+ years 1,200 mg 1,200 mg

mg = milligrams
Sources of Calcium

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Calcium supplements: Which type is best?

How do I know which calcium supplements provide the most calcium? There are so many different kinds — carbonate, citrate, lactate, gluconate.

Answer
from Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D.
The key factor to consider when buying calcium supplements is the amount of elemental calcium the supplements contain. The term “elemental calcium” refers to the amount of calcium in a supplement that’s available for your body to absorb. Don’t be deceived by the total weight of each tablet, which is simply the weight of the calcium plus whatever it’s bound to — such as carbonate, citrate, lactate or gluconate.

If the amount of elemental calcium isn’t clearly listed on the label, check the Nutrition Facts label. The amount of elemental calcium will be listed in milligrams (mg) according to “serving size” — generally one or two tablets. The Nutrition Facts label also lists the Percent Daily Value (% Daily Value), which indicates how much one serving provides toward the average daily recommended amount of a given nutrient for most people. For calcium, the % Daily Value is 1,000 mg of elemental calcium. Remember, however, your needs for calcium may vary according to recommendations from your doctor or dietitian.

When choosing calcium supplements, it’s also helpful to note how much calcium is in the serving size listed on the label. This will help you determine the number of tablets you must take to meet your individual needs for calcium. Also look for “USP” or “CL” on the label. Supplements that bear The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) or ConsumerLab (CL) abbreviations meet voluntary industry standards for quality, purity, and tablet disintegration or dissolution.

Promoting Healthy Bones

Bone is alive.
Bone is a living and growing tissue. Throughout life, bone is constantly being renewed in a process called remodeling. During remodeling, old bone is removed and it is replaced with fresh new bone. Bone building occurs when more bone is laid down than removed. Bone mass is maintained when bone formation equals bone removal. Bone loss occurs when more bone is removed than replaced.

At what age do I need to be concerned about my bones?
Bone healthy actions should begin in childhood and continue throughout your lifetime. However, it’s never too late to take action to promote healthy bones.

Bone healthy actions are the keys to enable you to build and maintain strong bones. These include:

•eating a well-balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D;
•participating in regular exercise;
•taking safety precautions to protect your bones and prevent falls;
•limiting alcohol intake;
•maintaining normal hormonal balance in premenopausal women;
•avoiding excessive dieting and excessive thinness; and
•talking to a medical professional about promoting healthy bones
Why does calcium matter?
Think of your bones as a bank account in which you “deposit” and “withdraw” calcium throughout life. Calcium is a mineral that makes bone dense (thick) and strong. During childhood, the teen years and early adulthood you build your bone bank. The skeleton grows and bones become larger, denser, and stronger especially when you practice bone healthy actions.

Peak bone mass, defined as the maximum bone density you will ever have, is largely determined by your genetics. Peak bone mass is reached between 18 and 25 years of age. In youth and young adulthood, consuming enough calcium each day, participating in regular exercise as well as taking the other actions to promote healthy bones is necessary to reach peak bone mass. People who attain higher peak bone mass have larger and heavier bones and are less likely to get osteoporosis later in life. After age 25, bone healthy actions help maintain bone mass. Throughout your life, if your dietary calcium intake is too low, your body will “withdraw” the calcium it needs from your bone bank. Over time, if more calcium is taken out of your bones than is put in, the result may be thin, weak bones (osteoporosis). In your senior years, usually after age 70, then weak bones may break more easily during normal activities. It is important and easy to meet your daily calcium recommendation by choosing a well-balanced, calcium rich diet. See “Calcium for Healthy Bones” and “The Food Pyramid”.

Why is Vitamin D important?
Vitamin D is necessary to build and maintain strong bones. It helps your body absorb and use calcium. It is important to be sure that you get the proper amount of vitamin D. See “Vitamin D for Healthy Bones”.

Get moving!
Regular exercise at any time in your life is good for your heart, muscle tone, flexibility and coordination. In children and young adults, exercise may actually build stronger bones. After peak bone mass is reached, exercise plays an important role in maintaining bone mass. Exercise builds strength, improves posture, promotes balance to prevent falls and increases muscle mass to cushion bones in the event of a fall. Seniors, people with medical conditions, and those with physical disabilities can benefit from supervised exercise. To ensure your safety, consult your medical professional before beginning an exercise program. This is especially important if you have (or have a history of) a medical condition or if you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis and/or fracture. If you have osteoporosis and/or fracture, it would be beneficial to get a prescription from your medical professional for a physical therapy consultation before starting your exercise program. Taking these precautions will help make sure that your exercise program follows principles of safe movement while you promote healthy bones.

An ideal program combines weight-bearing, muscle-strengthening, postural and balance exercises. Weight-bearing exercise is any physical activity in which your body works against gravity. It simply means that your feet and legs are supporting or carrying your weight. This type of exercise builds bone mass in youth and maintains it in adulthood. Some examples of weight-bearing exercises include walking, racquet sports, team sports, dancing and climbing stairs. Muscle strengthening exercises build muscle that helps support your bones. Lifting weights, using resistance bands and exercising on resistance machines are ways to strengthen muscle. Proper body alignment and postural training exercises promote correct posture and may help to minimize kyphosis (stooped posture) resulting from osteoporosis. Tai Chi is an example of a type of exercise that teaches balance and may be beneficial to reduce the risk of falling.

Keeping your bones safe.
Safety strategies to protect your bones are important for individuals of all ages. It is imperative for everyone to protect their bones and overall health by wearing seatbelts in any moving vehicle and by using appropriate protective equipment when participating in sports.

If you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, you may be more likely to break a bone as a result of a fall. In fact, most broken bones happen as a result of a fall. Falls happen for many reasons, most of which can be avoided.

It is important to do a home safety check on a regular basis to identify and modify falling hazards. There are many fall precautions that you can take in your own home. For example, securing throw rugs, using nightlights, and installing grab bars in your bathroom are just a few steps that you can take to fall-proof your environment. It is also very important to prevent and avoid wet, slippery floors both in your home and in public areas.

Clothing and footwear need to be selected with safety in mind. Choosing sturdy shoes with non-skid, rubber soles are a wise choice for safe movement. Poor vision and hearing loss are common reasons for falls. It is important to have your hearing and vision checked on a regular basis by your healthcare provider. If you take medications, it is important to know the possible side effects. Some medications can cause dizziness or lightheadedness and increase your risk for falls. For more information about the potential side effects of your medication, speak to your pharmacist.

There are many assistive devices such as canes, walkers and grabbers to help individuals who are at increased risk for falling. A consultation with a physical therapist or occupational therapist is often beneficial to find the right assistive device for a person who is more likely to fall. It is important to speak to your medical professional about your personal risks for falling and about the fall prevention steps you should take.

Make the choice to stop smoking and limit alcohol intake.
Tobacco products are bad for your overall health, including your bone health. If you are a smoker and decide to continue to smoke, you are taking the chance of developing osteoporosis and may be increasing your risk for fracture.

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Be Young and Healthy by Building Strong Bones

Bones are the body’s foundation. Having strong dense bones is essential to good posture, strength and balance. The quality of our skeletal structure has a direct impact on our appearance, vitality and energy level. The better we stand, walk and move around, the more youthful we will look and feel. Building and maintaining strong healthy bones is a lifelong concern because our bones are living tissue in a constant state of renewal. Most people believe thin weak bones are an inevitable part of aging. However, research is showing this may not be the case. Bone loss and osteoporosis can be prevented and possibly reversed with proper diet and lifestyle. Two of the easiest ways to achieve this is by eating more soy-based calcium rich foods and including weight-bearing activities in our daily routine.

A vital factor in keeping our bones strong and healthy is the ability to absorb and retain calcium. It doesn’t matter how much calcium we take in if our body is not assimilating it properly. Diets high in animal protein leach calcium and other important minerals from the bones. They cause our body’s acid loads to increase, which forces our system to pump more water into the kidneys to help flush it out. This diuretic response results in excessive calcium and magnesium excretion, which leads to osteoporosis. Independent studies conducted at various universities in the United States and Hong Kong indicate soy foods can have a protective effect on our bones. That soy protein enhances calcium retention and absorption, resulting in less excretion in the urine. They found soy’s protein and isoflavones increase bone mineral content, density, quality and strength. They also noted that soy helps the body’s ability to rebuild bone, and may even reverse osteoporosis. Soy foods like tofu made with calcium sulfate, tempeh and fortified soymilk provide calcium, magnesium and isoflavones our body can more easily absorb and retain. Soy foods are also a complete high-quality vegetable protein source without the saturated fat and cholesterol found in animal proteins.

While diet can help build strong dense bones, it alone will not produce the same bone improving effects than when combined with exercise. Each enhances and compliments the other in preventing osteoporosis. Weight bearing and aerobic exercises are necessary to create bone building benefits. Any activity that causes you to lift weight, including your own body weight, is considered a weight bearing exercise. Some examples include stair climbing, squats, pushups, sit-ups, or any movement with some kind of heavy weight (like dumbbells) involved. Even gardening and house cleaning can become weight bearing exercises if we do a squat instead of just bending over to pick things up. Walking, hiking, jogging and dancing are activities that are considered both weight-bearing and aerobic. Among these, walking is the simplest and safest method of building and maintaining healthy bones. No special equipment or training is needed, and it is very easy on the joints. Walking strengthens bones and muscles while at the same time increases stamina and endurance. Begin by walking 30 minutes a day, 3 to 4 days a week. Don’t think of distance, just try to walk as briskly as possible while maintaining good posture. The pace should be fast enough to get a good workout and still be able to hold a conversation.

As our life expectancies increase, preventive measures must be taken to ensure that we keep our bones strong and dense. By eating more soy foods and less animal protein, we will be better able to absorb and retain calcium in our bones and prevent osteoporosis. By walking and increasing our activitylevels, we will help our bones gain strength and improve muscle tone. These simple dietary and lifestyle changes will also increase energy levels, enhance mobility and help us stay young at any age.

Copyright © Monique N. Gilbert – All Rights Reserved.